Authors; Title

Comments (including the assigned category and mean reaction time)

A

Brown, Kenwell, Maraj & Collins;
“Go” Signal Intensity Influences the Sprint Start
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008

http://www.ualberta.ca/~dcollins/Articles/Brown2008.pdf

Sprinters and reaction times. Secondary reaction onset is taken as onset of pressure on starting blocks. A Startle reaction may help facilitate a secondary reaction by just a small amount (~10ms) but this is important in Olympic sprint times.
Highly Expected; 128ms

B

Landis & Hunt
The Startle Pattern 1939

Secondary movement test (small subset of broader study) where subjects told to get ready and “try to jump” when the shot sounded.
Highly Expected / Expected; 152ms

C

Human Benchmark – Reaction Time

http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/stats.php

Online test of reaction. When a color changes within a couple of seconds of test start, mouse click as fast as possible.
Highly Expected; 215ms

D

Koppa
Human Factors

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/tft/chap3.pdf

Summary of PRT from literature review for drivers with a “expected” stimulus. Drivers aware of impending signal to brake but not exactly when.
Taken from 16 studies.
(0.2 seconds for foot movement, based on Marc Green data, subtracted from 540 ms)
Expected; 340ms

E

Landis & Hunt
The Startle Pattern 1939

Subjects knew a test was near (they were wired up for reflex measurements)
Representative Secondary facial movements noted to begin after startle.
Expected; 305ms

F

Johansson & Rumar
Drivers Brake Reaction Time 1971

http://apps.usd.edu/coglab/schieber/docs/Johansson1971.pdf

Subjects knew a buzzer in car would sound for a brake movement, but not sure when it would happen (at least an hour).
Unexpected; 530ms

G

Eckman, Friesen & Simons
Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion? 1985

http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Is-The-Startle-Reaction-An-Emotion-question-mark.pdf

Subjects knew a pistol would be fired in some timeframe within about an hour, but not when.

Unexpected; 1100ms

H

Koppa
Human Factors

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/tft/chap3.pdf

Summary of PRT from literature review for drivers with a “surprise” stimulus. Drivers don’t even know when or if a stimulus will happen. Taken from 16 studies.
(0.2 seconds for foot movement, based on Marc Green data, subtracted from 1300 ms)
Surprise; 1100ms

I

Lister
1950

Synopsis taken from Johansson Study reference above (F)

When drivers tested had a high degree of expectancy, the mean brake reaction time was as low as 0.45 seconds. The perception time part was about 0.25 seconds (hence 0.15 to 0.2 seconds for foot movement).
Highly Expected –Expected; 250ms

J

Warrick, Kibler, & Topmiller
1965
Synopsis taken from Thackray reference below (L)

Secretaries to press a button nearby when buzzer sounds. Un-alerted it took about 0.8 sec. (33% longer than alerted)
(I then subtract 0.2 for hand movement)
Unexpected; 600ms

K

Warrick, Kibler, & Topmiller
1965
Synopsis taken from Thackray reference below (L)

Secretaries to press a button nearby when buzzer sounds. Alerted it took about 0.6 sec.
(I then subtract 0.2 for hand movement)
Expected; 400ms

L

Thackray
Performance Recovery Following Startle: A laboratory Approach to the Study of Behavioral Response to Sudden Aircraft Emergencies 1988
http://www.dviaviation.com/files/38800885.pdf

A first loud sound burst had a mean response time of 893 ms. in lab test.
(I then subtract 0.2 for hand movement)
Unexpected-Expected; 693ms